1. Icyuma gifuro nicyuma cya aluminium
Mugihe cyamateka, kuvumbura ibyuma byabitswe ni intambwe yingenzi mu mpinduramatwara yibikorwa byose byububiko. Ifuro ry'icyuma ni ibikoresho bigizwe n'icyuma gifite imyanda myinshi kandi cyuzuyemo gaze ku miterere [2]. Imyobo yibi byuma birashobora guhuzwa cyangwa gufungwa, kandi byitwa ifuro-ifunguye ifuro nifuro ifunze-selile, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2 (a) (b) [3]. Muri byo, ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu ni byo byuma byizewe cyane, kubera ubwinshi bwabyo, ubucucike buke, uburemere bworoshye, imbaraga nyinshi, kwikuramo neza, kwinjiza imbaraga, imikorere myiza yo kwinjiza amajwi, hamwe n’imikorere myiza yo gukingira amashanyarazi. Imikorere myiza cyane, izwi rero nka "inyenyeri yicyuma" [4], ikoreshwa cyane mubundi buryo bwo gutunganya mubijyanye nubwubatsi bwindege, inganda nubumenyi bwumubiri.
Igishushanyo 2. Ibiranga imiterere ya aluminiyumu ifuro: (a) Gufungura-selile ya aluminiyumu; (B) Ifunga-selile ya aluminium ifuro [3]
2. Ivumburwa rya aluminiyumu yabyimbye
Mu mateka yose, ibikoresho nk'amagufwa, ibiti, na pumice byakoreshejwe cyane kuva kera. Abashakashatsi benshi bavuga ko akamaro k'ibi bikoresho byateje imbere umusaruro w’ibikoresho byakozwe n'abantu nk'ibyuma. Nubwo ibyinshi mu buhanga bwa tekinoloji bukoreshwa muri iki gihe byatanzwe kuva mu myaka ya za 1950, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ivumburwa rya aluminiyumu rishobora kuboneka guhera mu 1926, igihe Ma De Meller yavugaga bwa mbere ibyuma bibyimba mu ipatanti y’Ubufaransa. Meller yigeze kuvuga ko inzira yo kubira ifuro ishobora kugerwaho hinjizwa gaze ya inert mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, cyangwa ukoresheje imiti ifata ifuro nka karubone mu cyuma gishongeshejwe. Nubwo iyi ari patenti gusa ishingiye kubitekerezo, ishyiraho urufatiro rwintambwe ikurikira isabwa mugutezimbere ifuro rya aluminium. John C. Elliott yarushijeho guteza imbere iki gitekerezo nyuma yimyaka 20, akora verisiyo ivuguruye yipatanti ya Meller no kumenyekanisha ifuro rya mbere rya aluminiyumu, ari naryo ryagize uruhare mu kwamamaza ibicuruzwa mu Buyapani mu myaka ya za 90. Irekurwa ryashizeho urufatiro [5].
3. Imikorere no gukoresha aluminiyumu ifuro
Aluminiyumu ifuro ni icyuma gifite umubyimba mwinshi kandi wubatswe neza, aho imyenge ifunze ifite hafi bitatu bya kane by'ubunini bw'ibyuma, bigatuma ibikoresho byoroha cyane [7]. Usibye ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru, aluminiyumu ifuro ifite kandi imiterere itangaje yo kwinjiza ingufu no kwikuramo cyane [7]. Ku bijyanye n'ubucucike, abashakashatsi basanze ubucucike bw'ibyitegererezo byinshi bya aluminiyumu ari 0.4-1.2 g · cm-3 [6]. Byongeye kandi, aluminiyumu ifuro kandi ifite amajwi, kwongera gukoreshwa hamwe n’ubushyuhe buke [7].
Ku bijyanye no gushyira mu bikorwa, gukingira amashanyarazi, uburemere bworoshye hamwe n’ibintu byinjira mu ifuro rya aluminiyumu bituma iba umukandida mwiza ku bikoresho bikoreshwa mu bikoresho bikoresha ingufu za kirimbuzi, ibinyabiziga, icyogajuru n’inganda zubaka kubera ko birwanya ibidukikije bikabije. Mubikoresho bishobora kugenzurwa na kirimbuzi, gufunga-selile ya aluminiyumu ni ibikoresho byiza bya electromagnetic ikingira. Bitewe no guhuza skeleton ya aluminiyumu, ifite ubuso bunini bwihariye nubushobozi bwiza bwo gukurura no kwerekana imiraba ya electroniki. Igihombo gitandukanye kibaho, nko gutakaza kwinjiza, gutakaza ibitekerezo, nibindi, kuburyo aluminiyumu ifuro ifite imikorere myiza yo gukingira amashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, byagaragaye kandi ko uburyo bwo gukingira amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike ya aluminiyumu yerekanaga uburyo bwo kubanza kugabanuka hanyuma bikiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwumurongo wa electromagnetique [3]. Mu nganda zo mu kirere, aluminiyumu ifuro ikoreshwa mu gukora ikirere cyangwa ibice bya turbine. Bitewe n'ubwiza buke bwa aluminiyumu ifunze, ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kugabanya uburemere rusange bw'ibigize indege [7]. Kandi nk'ibikoresho byiza bikurura ingufu, aluminiyumu ifunze ikoreshwa mu gukora ibyogajuru byogajuru, ibyuma bifata amajwi hamwe no munsi y’akazu kagaruka mu cyogajuru, kugira ngo icyogajuru gishobore kugera ku butaka butekanye kandi kirinde umutekano w’ibyogajuru n’ibikoresho byo mu kirere. Binyuze mu gukoresha ingufu no kwinjiza ibintu, aluminiyumu ifunze irashobora kurinda umutekano w’ibyogajuru bitewe n’icyogajuru kigwa, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3 [8].
Igishushanyo 3. Kunoza imiterere y igice cya bilge irwanya ingaruka [8]
Uruhu rwo hejuru; 2-ifuro ya aluminiyumu; Uruhu rwo hasi
Mu nganda z’imodoka, aluminiyumu ifuro ifasha kugabanya umubare wibice byose bikoreshwa murwego, bigatuma gahunda yo guterana ikora neza, kandi amaherezo ifasha kugabanya ibiciro no kunoza imikorere [7]. Kugeza ubu, aluminiyumu ikoreshwa mu tubari turwanya kugongana, ibiti n'amatara yo ku rugi mu nyubako z'imodoka ku isoko, nk'uko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4 [9-10].
Igishushanyo 4. (A) ni igishushanyo cyingufu z igice gikurura ibice byumubiri wimodoka;
(B) Igishushanyo mbonera cya kopi ya aluminium anti-kugongana
Mu nganda zubaka, gukoresha cyane aluminiyumu ni nkinzitizi ikingira, irinda umuriro kugirango ikumire urusaku rukabije. Ubusanzwe porogaramu ifunze-selile ya aluminiyumu mu bwubatsi ni Shanghai SOHO Fuxing Plaza. Uwashizeho ibishushanyo byinshi akoresha aluminiyumu ya fumu kugirango yinjize kandi akingire amajwi, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6 [11].
Ivumburwa rya aluminiyumu ifuro ifatwa nkigikorwa kidasanzwe. Ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu bifatanye bikoresha uburyo bwiza bwo gukingira amashanyarazi, uburemere bworoshye, ubucucike buke, kwinjiza amashanyarazi no gukoresha ingufu, bityo ikaba ifite imikorere myiza cyane mu nganda zitandukanye muri iki gihe. Birashoboka. Igishimishije, ifuro rya aluminiyumu naryo ni ibicuruzwa bitangiza ibidukikije bishobora gutunganywa, bivuze ko ari ibintu biramba kandi biteganijwe ko bizakoreshwa henshi mubikorwa bizakoreshwa mu nganda.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-30-2021
